The ocean surface at night, moments before something breaks it

Reporting ยท 5 min read

The language of a defensible finding

A finding should state what the evidence supports and nothing beyond it.

Say less, prove more

Overstated findings collapse under challenge and take the credible ones with them. A finding names the population, the period, the mechanism, and the limits of what was tested.

Motive, intent and blame are almost never supported by records, and asserting them converts an evidentiary document into an argument.

Classification carries meaning

Documentary, contractual, pattern and qualified findings carry different weight and different remedies. Labelling them plainly lets a reader act on each appropriately.

PERISCOPE briefings describe investigative principles. They do not disclose detection logic, thresholds, formulas, weighting or rules.

If the numbers have stopped agreeing with each other, that disagreement is evidence.

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